Philosphy of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Philosphy of God - Essay Example Inward development is conceivable just through otherworldliness. Logicians like Socrates knew about it and said that individuals must put forth true attempts for such development and experience the awesome. Socrates (469-399) was an incredible scholarly, who continually thumped at the entrances of otherworldliness, yet struck up at the last outskirts of the psyche. He was a person who thought about the real gear, realized that a solid body is one of the prime necessity for profound interests. Jesus showed up on this Planet Earth, as a Realized Soul. He raveled in the condition of happiness consistently; rather it was his perpetual nature. To him, otherworldliness and science were very much the same. At that level, one is the knower of everything, vanquisher of the time idea; Jesus showed up as the victor of the powers of nature, for a foreordained task recommended for him by God. Socrates and Jesus are unique. This is be that as it may, not to put down the scholarly significance of Socrates. Be that as it may, insight of a thousand people like Socrates isn't walk for a sparkle from the Spiritual Being whose mainstream name was Jesus! However they are comparable as in Socrates and his lessons were a piece of a similar godlikeness and he was attempting to arrive at a similar objective as pronounced by Jesus. The main choice with the psyche level savvy people is to give up at the hindrance of the brain and put forth significant attempts to rise above it and Socrates did likewise yet in his own style and comprehension. With earnest endeavors the finesse of godlikeness it is conceivable, not in any case and Socrates knew

The Importance of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay

The Importance of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - Essay Example Angelou from the outset settled on a choice to make the self-portrayal in light of the fact that not many had been distributed for youthful African American young ladies in America. She expected to show to her individual individuals that notwithstanding the preventions and the tragedies they endured, there was a flooding mind and love to be felt and experienced in the African American culture (Elliot 1989). Absolutely, the story has a very distinct significance for youthful African American young ladies. This exposition will endeavor to give a record of the significance of Maya Angelou’s profoundly commended life account. Oprah Winfrey, in her meeting with Angelou in 1993, clarified how huge the story was to her since she had the option to see her own involvement with the account (Megna-Wallace 1998). Nonetheless, despite her novel goals, Angelou found that when she began composing the account her crowd and musings changed (Megna-Wallace 1998): â€Å"I saw it was for dark young ladies as well as for youthful Jewish young men and old Chinese women† (p. xii). The distinction of the personal history endures not simply on the grounds that it continues being informational on subjects of sexual orientation and race, yet additionally because of its total story of endurance. This significance of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings manages the general and explicit parts of the life account of Angelou. It begins with an accentuation on the artistic segments of the account: its primary topics, setting, plot, sort, viewpoint, and others. This artistic significance portrays the excursion of Angelou from a bashful, restless, and forlorn young lady to a pre-adult who perseveres through endless dissatisfactions and torments and gets known as an independent and certain young lady. The significance of the account includes specific subjects raised by the story and the particular chronicled occasion it delineates. A significance, for example, this assumes an abstract piece like I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a dynamic story of not just a solitary

How to Navigate the Financial Side of Dating

How to Navigate the Financial Side of Dating How to Navigate the Financial Side of Dating How to Navigate the Financial Side of DatingMoneys difficult enough to deal with on your own. Add dating to the mix and youve got a whole host of potential headaches on the horizon.Dating is tough. And it’s been tough forever. Cave people never knew when a lovely, romantic evening would be interrupted by a rampaging woolly mammoth. An Aztec couple holding hands as they walked next to the waters of Tenochtitlan didn’t know when their stroll would be interrupted by a rampaging conquistador. And good luck convincing anyone to get a cup of coffee with you when you’re suffering from the Plague.These days, dating isn’t quite as deadly, but it still has its own set of issues to navigate. And one major vector of those issues is financial. Money can be awkward to talk about, even if it’s with someone you’ve known for a very long time, let alone someone you’re meeting for the first few times.But fear not! We’ve got experts in both dating AND finances, and they’re here to help ! Who pays for dinner?We’ll just get the most obvious question out of the way first. Who should pay for the meal?Almost a century of conventional dating wisdom maintained that the man would pay for the meal. But there are clearly a lot of reasons to reexamine this assumption. Most glaringly, there could be two men on the date. Or no men! Beyond that, this standard was set when the expectation was that men were the ones who worked and pulled a paycheck and women generally did not.Thankfully we’ve made a lot of progress since that time, but it does mean  you may have to consider some different approaches when it comes to the cost of the meal.“When going on a first date with someone, typically, the person who asked the other out should pay for the bill,” Holly Zink, a lifestyle expert for  Kiwi Searches  (@kiwisearches), told us. “However, if the tab is a lot, the check should be split. After the first couple of dates, you can alternate between who pays the bill. From a woman s perspective, its always a turn-on and chivalrous when a man at least offers to pay.”Another contributor also offered a positive take on the traditional approach.“When you’re first dating, and the first date in particular, who pays can be about as awkward as it gets,” cautioned Vivek Jain, CPA, co-creator of new dating app LOKO (@LOKOforlove). “I’m old fashioned when it comes to this, so I’m of the belief the man should always pay for the first dateâ€"at least make that gestureâ€"and if it leads to a conversation then who ultimately pays how much can be decided together.”There may not be one approach that will work for any given two sets of people, but the most important thing is to communicate openly, especially if you’re hoping these early dates could grow into a relationship.“If you find that you are wanting to enter into a long term relationship with one another, alternating paying the bill, or always splitting half and half can be something you discuss,” advised Justin Lavelle, Chief Communications Officer at  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). “This issue is really best decided by the parties involved. Everyone is different, so it is important to set feelings and boundaries early and as they come.”Money issues can persist past the first few dates.Katie Ziskind, therapist and owner of  Wisdom Within Counseling, explained how these seemingly simple financial conflicts can actually reflect deeper financial anxieties a couple will have to reconcile if they’re looking to stay together:“When I see couples in my therapy office, financial issues are a big topic. If one person in the couple makes more money, often this person will pay for dinners out at restaurants. This is often a couple that has been together long term.“However, even if this is agreed upon, the person who makes less money still has to process their money issues, shame about not making as much money, and the feelings about their childhood and how money was used in their family growing up.Money issues are rooted deeply back into childhood and often relate to how money was used as a privilege or a form of love. Some families use money to replace emotional connection, which leads to issues in romantic relationships as adults.If you grew up without having a lot of money, and now you have a great job, you may feel very proud to pay for yourself or for your date regardless of your gender.”Talking about the future.Communication only becomes more important as the relationship grows increasingly serious. It’s good to start having these conversations early on, though it may be good to take a light touch.“You can mention your future goals, and make implications about money, early on in the relationship without necessarily making it a conversation about money,” suggested Leslie H. Tayne Esq. (@LeslieHTayneEsq), Founder and Head Attorney at  Tayne Law Group (@taynelawgroup).“For example, you can mention that you’d like to settle down in a dif ferent state eventually. This is a general statement about your future goals but implies that you’d probably like to buy a house and will need to pay for the move.As the relationship progresses, conversations about future goals should become more explicit. Having differing goals for the future can be a major problem in a relationship and is something that should be addressed as early as possible.”BYOD.When you get into a relationship with someone, you’re also getting into a relationship with their debt. So it’s good to know what you’re both getting into at the start.“Debt can be a tricky subject when dating, particularly if one or both of you have a lot of it,” warned Tayne. “Once again, honesty is the best policy, particularly if the relationship is on the path to being a serious one.You don’t necessarily need to reveal your entire financial situation right away, but being upfront about the fact that you have debt will allow you and your partner to navigate the fi nancial aspects of your relationship.”Gifts of a fun guy (or girl).Giving gifts can be an important part of both emerging and long-running relationships. But it’s also yet another area where financial awkwardness can rear its head.“When dating someone, that person will likely give you gifts,” Zink explained. “However, if these gifts are way too expensive or they are given too often, this is a money concern to address.To start, show your appreciation and gratitude for the gifts. Then, discuss with them some ground rules for gift giving, such as only giving gifts on holidays, birthdays, and other occasions.”Moving on in.If you’re together long enough, you may consider moving into the same place. As you could probably guess, this also comes with its own set of financial challenges.“Living together presents even more financial possibilities,” warned Lavelle. “Does one of you want the other or want yourself to be the established breadwinner? Are you both in agreement on one of you paying the lion’s share of the household expenses? If not, set up a reasonable budget that the two of you can afford while contributing equally.There are many ways to split up expenses, so be sure to communicate and be honest about both of your expectations and abilities. Maybe one of you makes significantly more and the other is struggling to pay half of everything. If this is the case, the one making less can try taking on one or two smaller bills instead of half of all of them.”Finding the right person would be difficult even if money weren’t a factor. While we can’t help you find the one, these tips will hopefully make navigating the money part of dating a bit easier. To learn more about managing your finances, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The (Comprehensive) Couple’s Guide To Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorro w and Every Day AfterHow do you handle money issues when youre dating?  We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsVivek Jain is a seasoned entrepreneur and finance executive. He is the co-creator and CEO of  LOKO (@LOKOforlove), the first video-only dating app on the market. Prior to focusing his time on LOKO, he co-founded what has now become the Fan-Controlled Football League (FCFL) after spending a number of years in venture capital and finance.Justin Lavelle  is a Scams Prevention Expert and the Chief Communications Officer of  BeenVerified.com (@BeenVerified). BeenVerified is a leading source of online background checks and contact information. It helps people discover, understand and use public data in their everyday lives and can provide peace of mind by offering a fast, easy and affordable way to do background checks on potential dates. BeenVerified allows individuals to find more information about people, phone numbers, email addresses,  and property records.Leslie H. Tayne, Esq.  (@LeslieHTayneEsq) has nearly 20 years’ experience in the practice area of consumer and business financial debt-related services. Leslie is the founder and head attorney at  Tayne Law Group  (@taynelawgroup), which specializes in debt relief.Holly Zink is a tech and security expert for  Kiwi Searches  (@kiwisearches). She is up-to-date on the latest security issues, from online scams to identity theft.Katie Ziskind is a licensed marriage and family therapist, a 500-hour registered yoga teacher, and owner of  Wisdom Within Counseling. Wisdom Within Counseling, near East Lyme, Connecticut, is a practice that uses a holistic, integrative approach. Art, yoga, music, and outdoor therapies are woven together with talk therapy. Additionally, Wisdom Within Counseling is an LGBTQIA+ friendly and advocates for youth and adults. Teletherapy and distance options are available.

Essay about Social Class - 1016 Words

SOCIAL CLASS Social class refers to the system of stratification of the different groups of people in a society. These different forms of classification are, in most instances, based on gender ethnicity and age. Social class makes everyone’s lives extremely different. For example: How long one can expect to live. In a wide range of ways, from success, to one’s health class, social class influences people’s lives (Grusky,2003). Among the life chances affected as result of social class involve factors such as: How long people live (life expectancy), how healthy people are, how much and what they eat, the kind of housing they live in, the level of education they reach and the qualifications they achieve, how likely they are to be unemployed†¦show more content†¦The upper middle class consists of managers and professionals, while the lower middle class is made up of clerks, office workers, telephone sales and shop workers. These jobs are usually not very well paying and do not require very high qualifications. The petty bourgeoisie on the other hand are small business owners. This group may consist of people who may own a workshop or shop and may be employing a small number of people. The Working Class This class, like the middle class, consists of sub-groups of people. These include the skilled, the semi-skilled and unskilled workers. Social mobility has, however, affected the number of people in this class. Many people born in this class have been able to rise to the middle class, and as a result, there exists a case of embourgeoisement. According to the Marxist view, this is the class of people who are detrimental to the fate of the entire class system. He stated that these people were supposed to unite and overthrow capitalism. However, this is not what has occurred. The Underclass This is the lowest class in the social class stratification. While the majority of the working class now live reasonably healthy and prosperous lives, a low minority do not. These people cannot work. They include the long-term unemployed and the disabled and chronically ill. They are in effect, shut out of much of what most people can attain. This group ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Class And Social Work Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesof this assignment is to Examine the extent to which social class determines life chances in contemporary Britain, and explore the relevance of the issue for students on a social work degree. Within this document I will identify and explore key concepts and approaches in the sociological analysis of social differentiation in modern society. I will then use these concepts and apply them to contemporary britain in order to explain how social class influences an individual s life chances. I will alsoRead MoreSocial Class Vs. Upper Class1644 Words   |  7 Pages Based on which social class an individual falls into, the parenting style that they display or experience may vary. Are these differences in social classes affecting the way children in these households are brought up? If so, are these parenting styles reinforcing social class division? It is inevitable that the occupation, education, and income or wealth that an individual possesses will define their social class. This paper claims that children of different socioeconomic classes go through differentRead MoreSocial Class And Its Relevance1702 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen an ongoing debate about social class and its relevance in contemporary society. Marx’s social class theory was relating to man and his access to the means of production. He stated there are two classes the bourgeoisie, those who own the means of the production and the proletariat who only possess their labour power to sell ( Ollman, 1976). Pakulski and Waters argued that social is dead, due to changes i n economic and social structures along with adaptions in social identity and belonging (1996)Read MoreSocial Class and Education1745 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect the success of a school system. The economic background and social class of the community and individual students is one of the largest factors to consider when attempting to structure a successful education plan. Social class is defined by the online Oxford Dictionary as â€Å"a division of a society based on social and economic status.† This division can often effect more than a child’s home life. We know that social class and success in school are often positively correlated to one anotherRead MoreSocial Class in Uk1775 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Class in UK The term â€Å"social class† is in UK is a controversial issue,David J Lee said â€Å" The use of the concept class in sociology has come under attack †, which having many definitions. And as the tile shows, there are even disagreements over its very existence. Before we get into the details, at least, let us look at one definition. â€Å"Social class â€Å"is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are groupedRead MoreA Social Class System1116 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no way to deny that a social class system exists that divides people by general popularity. Once children begin school, they begin to separate into these divisions. The top of the social ladder, often considered to be people who are cool, are stereotyped to be beautiful and happy. Although in some cases this may be true, it is not always that way. Misconceptions about popularity lead to a greater divide amongst the social classes, and cause those in the lower social levels to be considered asRead MoreSocial Class in to Kill a Mockingbird768 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different social classes in â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† The factors that separate people into these social classes are their skin color and their occupation. For example, A tticus, Scout, and Jem are part of the highest social class. They are part of this social class because Atticus is a lawyer, which makes him a highly respected person in the community. He is also white, which, at that time was a very important factor that chose who belonged in what social class. Scout and Jem are hisRead MoreFactors That Affect Social Class854 Words   |  4 Pagesis a term called Social Mobility which is defined as the ability to change positions within a social stratification system. Social mobility can be seen when an individual or group of people change their economic status in a way that changes their social class. This change in social class can be either a positive change or be a negative change. There are many factors that affect what works for, and against, social mobility, such as class, race, gender, and age. An individual’s class can have both aRead MoreA Social Perspective On Class Society1081 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpretations on specific areas of class and its meaning are in some ways entwined together ultimately resulting in a societal action. In a class society, the underlying social issues in regards to members of a specific class; the concealed feelings of the lower class in relation to their social standing within society, consequently forms a class consciousness therefore determining a social revolution. Marxism being a conflict theory primarily focuses on class and its meaning within society. HavingRead MoreSocial Stratification and Class Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbacks of the middle class. To people in the lower class, the promise is held that in a capitalist society, by working hard you can lift yourself out of the lower income bracket to join the middle class. Entrepreneurs who can find a need and fill it can make it into the upper class. The point is t hat this kind of thinking, a product of social stratification theory, is ingrained upon our minds. As a society, we accept it as a fact that we live in a multi-tiered class system, and that

Homelessness - 1449 Words

Homelessness Home has become such a scattered, damaged, various concept in our present travails. There is so much yearn for#8230;How hard can we expect even a pair of magic shoes to work? They promise to take us home, but#8230; will they permit us to redefine the blessed word? -Salman Rushdie (HopperBaumohl p.3). Homeless people all around the world, stopped believing in ruby slippers a long time ago, because they know that fairy tales will not get them out of their predicament. They must struggle on their own, with the puny help of the government and the efforts of good-hearted people. Homelessness, a devastating experience for people, disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of†¦show more content†¦Family fights are the most common reason but there are others, that really have no choice, but to leave home and start a new life on the street which is not likely to have a happy ending. Children are very easily lured in to doing inappropriate things. The street-wise people are waiting with their claws sharpened to get holed of innocent children to domineer over. And since the children have no one to reach to out there cling to them and almost always get hurt. There are thrown in the deep end with no life raft. They become prostitutes, dealers, and drug or alcohol abusers. Ofcourse there are children that live on the streets with their family, so the elders do what ever is possible in order for their kids to grow up as normal as they can be. They live in shelters and go to school every morning while the parents go of in search of a job-if they dont have one- and as the evening falls they meet up again and spend the remaining hours as a family. Another type of homeless people-who have suffered a recent surveys of homeless adults report that veterans appear to lot and dont deserve to be in this position- are the veterans. Several compose a substantial part of homeless population. Their presence among homeless populations contradicts popular notions about military service, since the military is perceived as a setting where physically and mentally fit adolescent males mature into men (Richard D. Bingham et al. 65). Also theShow MoreRelatedHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1350 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness There are many parts to the subject of homelessness, of course people talk about the solutions to it like The Ten Year Plan, then there is the history of it starting from the 1640’s. Also there is discussions about Homeless Shelters and more recently Anti-homeless Legislation. Then there are always the staggering statistics. The homeless is a very one minded topic for most. Most people think that the homeless should be helped, cared for, and educated for success. This is true (at leastRead MoreThe Issue Of Homelessness : Homelessness1438 Words   |  6 Pages Homelessness is a crucial issue that seems to go unnoticed because apparently there’s more important issue than homelessness. When thinking about homelessness what is the first image that appears in your head? Do you picture adults sleeping under bridges? Do you think of the people whose standing on side the bridge begging for money as the cars pass? Or do you think of the other people sitting in front of the s tore asking for money? Is that all you see when you imagine someone being homelessRead MoreHomelessness And Poverty And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesCenter on Homelessness and Poverty 7) While a portion of today’s society turns a blind eye to the subject of the criminalization of homelessness, an even larger quantity of people are not aware of the situation that is happening in every major city of America. For those living an affluent lifestyle, it can be difficult to discuss the amount of poverty and homelessness that is constantly occurring. The definition and meaning behind the absence of home is also arduous to discuss. While homelessness is commonlyRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesled to homelessness. These barriers may be a numerous amount of things such as substance abuse, personal trauma, unhealthy relationships, health problems, or unemployment. No matter the barrier, goals need to be set and must be realistic. If the goals seem impossible to reach they will be. Finally, there must be a commitment to following through with the set goals and a realization that this is an ongoing process that will not change overnight. There is a misinformed stigma of homelessness, whichRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Homelessness And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Prevalence of Homelessness In this textual analysis, I’m going to discuss the prevalence of homelessness in the United States. I’ll be using three songs from popular culture that focus on homelessness. Different artists perform these three songs: Avril Lavigne, Bob Dylan, and Nirvana. I’m going to address the values that people who are homeless may have, according to what each artist conveys through their song lyrics. Throughout the lyrics in each song, it seems like the artists are attemptingRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness802 Words   |  4 PagesConclusion Homelessness has been an ongoing problem in the United States and it cannot be decreased until each state comes up with a plan that is affective. However, in order for this to work the economy needs to recover to the point where no one is without a job and is paid a wage that is manageable. The negative stereotypes of judging the homeless needs to be stopped and people need to be educated that homelessness can affect anyone. Although there are many services available to assist the homelessRead MoreThe Problem Of Homelessness And Homelessness1562 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness We have already past Stone Age and marched towards the modern where we can see fascinating technology and different invention where cancer can be a cured with different medication but homeless still exists and is on the verge of increasing day by day. We can’t imagine ourselves being lost or not knowing where to go or what to do. Spending every day and night either depending on someone else or finding a shelter where you can have a nap. Waking up with the noises of the cars and otherRead MoreHomelessness : The Problem Of Homelessness1584 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness Awareness At some point in their life, a person has seen or heard of an individual who lives on the streets. The individual who lives on the streets and holds a sign that says they need money for food is consider homeless. Sadly, these individuals are everywhere and the amount of people under this title is slowly increasing. However, in this nation we have the ability to begin decreasing that number. By providing the necessary amount of assistance required to place these individualsRead MoreInvestigation On Homelessness And Homelessness1322 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation on Homelessness 　 Keileigh Proudfoot 9th October 2016 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 Tutor: Mary Valerio Course: NC Social Care Level 5 Contents page Page 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Procedure Read MoreThe Homelessness Epidemic Of Homelessness1958 Words   |  8 Pages The Homelessness Epidemic According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, approximately 564,708 people were homeless on a single night in January of 2015 in the United States (â€Å"The State of Homelessness in 2016†). It is estimated that 250,000 people who suffer from Mental Health illnesses are homeless (Torrey). Providing affordable housing, and access to mental health services for the homeless population are essential components to end the homeless epidemic. Homelessness can be defined

Iago’s Alter Ego Essay - 615 Words

A Look at Janet Adelman’s Critical Essay, â€Å"Iago’s Alter Ego: Race as projection in Othello† In Janet Adelman’s critical reading of Othello, she tries to identify racial issues in the sub-text, specifically explaining the actions of the title character through the psychoanalytic theory. She believes that Othello is a victim of the racist society in which he was emerged once he married Desdemona. With no other review of himself available, it begins to define his actually personality, leading to a tragic end. As Othello begins looking at his dark skin as an unfortunate â€Å"stain† he feels unworthy of Desdemona, which makes it easier for him to believe that she had been unfaithful with someone more deserving of her. Janet Adelman focuses her†¦show more content†¦Another act that was changed by Adelman’s view was the following scene, in which Iago rouses Brabantio’s racist tendencies by reporting that â€Å"Even now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe.† (1.2 88-89) I knew that Iago was wishing to cause problems for the Moor, but the contrast of black and white is pointed out several times, hinting at a deliberate manipulation of Brabantio’s acceptance of Othello. I believe Adelman is successful in her idea that Iago is the main source of the racism that shapes Othello’s own mind in the end, and his reasoning behind the destruction is jealousy. She gives examples from the beginning to the very last scene, in which Iago’s final plan falls apart. Although he manipulates Othello into killing his wife, he is not able to fully corrupt him, as he states â€Å"An honorable murder if you will; for naught did I in hate, but all in honor.† (5.2.) She also points out that Iago’s plan was a failure from the beginning because by destroying the thing that he envied, he no longer has an object to be jealous of. This destroys his twisted sense of â€Å"I†, and as Adelman concludes â€Å"from this time forth he will never speak aShow MoreRelatedIagos Alter Ego : The Existential Villain946 Words   |  4 Pagesexistential outlook allowing him to go against any morals necessary to defeat get what he wants. One of the brilliant ways Shakespeare foreshadows Iago is in his name. In Janet Adelman’s article â€Å"Iago’s Alter Ego: Race Projection in Othello†, she explains how Iago comes from the Latin root â€Å"Ego†, showing Iago’s character follows an egocentric philosophy meaning he has little or no regard for interests, beliefs, or attitudes other than ones own. This also explains why Othello decided not to give IagoRead MoreOthello : A Symbiotic Relationship1403 Words   |  6 PagesDesdemona, by marrying her he is escalated to a higher social position which further inflates his ego and his need for self-gratification. His trauma and pain and the notion of her unfaithfulness illustrates his deep love for her, yet on a deeper psychological level, Desdemona â€Å"feeds his pride and idealised image† in the words of critic _______. Thus, when Desdemona’s alleged unfaithfulness threatens his fragile ego, he murders her. This idea is further backed up by critic D.R Godfrey who claims that whenRead MoreEssay on Justice and Injustice in Othello1170 Words   |  5 PagesJustice and Injustice in Othello        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Tragedy of Othello, by William Shakespeare, a great injustice is done to the main character, Othello the Moor. Othello is manipulated by the villain Iago to satiate Iago’s need for control and his desire for revenge. Othello the General has promoted another, Cassio, to hold the position that Iago feels he deserves. For the injustice that Iago feels has been committed against him, he brings about the destruction of Othello and his wife, DesdemonaRead More Human Frailty in Othello Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pagesstranger to Venetian society, even a vague inkling that he is only a body used to fight may lead to insecurity that only exacerbates the deep-seeded, pre-existing insecurities. It is his deep insecurity which allows Iago to so completely exploit him. Iagos explicit imagery of hypothetical scenes between Cassio and Desdemona hit the mark-- Othello becomes incensed and also reminded that he is older than Desdemona (3. 3. 400-401).      Ã‚  Ã‚   He lacks the critical intelligence to doubt Iago, becauseRead MoreRacism in Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference and Moorish features made him feel alone and he felt like the world was against him. Lastly, Othello’s race and the racism around him made him an easy target to be manipulated by Iago. Othello walked right into Iago’s trap. Othello did exactly what Iago wanted him to do. Iago’s racism originated from his envy of Othello’s position and achievements. By insulting Othello’s race, Iago recognizes that he has an approach to control Othello’s life and take his spot by manipulating him using his raceRead More Villains, Sin, and Sex in Shakespeares Othello and King Lear1443 Words   |  6 Pageshis house, we see for the first time, Iagos blatant use of sexuality for his own means. While Roderigo is a gentleman, and polite, Iago is crude. Even now, now, very now, an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise! Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, or else the devil will make a grandsire of you. Arise, I say! (AI, SI, L 88-92) This blatantly graphic imagery is used to not only grab the senators attention, but set the t one of Iagos tactics. When Roderigos pleas with BrabantioRead More Impact of Race in Othello Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesand degrades him to a barbarian. Othello is driven mad by the force of Iagos suggestions, indicating that he is merely a victim of another mans jealousy. Works Cited 1 Norman Sanders, ed. Othello. Cambridge: New York, 1995: 12. 2 C. W. Slights. Slaves and Subjects in Othello, Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Winter 1997: 382. 3 C. W. Slights. 380. 4 Norman Sanders, ed. 10. 5 J. Adelman. Iagos Alter Ego: Race as Projection in Othello, Shakespeare Quarterly v48 Summer 1997:Read More The Character of Othello Essay2144 Words   |  9 Pagescontrasted with Iagos free-flowing and early-established taste for revenge and punishment, alleviates Othello from responsibility. Surely, Othello has wronged and is to be held reprehensible--with his death--but even this is a self-inflicted injury rather than a punishment which is judicially meted out, unlike what we are led to believe Iago will suffer.    In Shakespeare’s tragedy of Othello, we see Othello move through a character progression as he becomes consumed with Iago’s connivings andRead MoreThe Protagonist in Willima Shakespeare ´s Othello810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Moor of Venice. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Othello, The Moor of Venice.† Literature and the Writing Process. Backpack Edition. Ed. Elizabeth McMahan et al. Boston: Longman, 2011. 585-669 Print. Adelman, Janet. Iagos Alter Ego: Race As Projection In Othello. Shakespeare Quarterly 48.2 (1997): 125. Academic Search Premier. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Little Jr., Arthur L. `An Essence Thats Not Seen: The Primal Scene Of Racism In Othello. Shakespeare Quarterly 44.3 (1993):Read MoreEssay about Othello’s Evil Character3206 Words   |  13 Pagesvictims around him.    In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the type of evil peculiar to the ancient:    Over the ancient figure of the Vice – a familiar shape for abstract evil – Iago wears the garb of a modern devil. Iago’s naturalist ethic, as expounded to Roderigo at the close of Act I, is a wicked man’s version of Montaigne, an instance of the way in which men convert to evil the precepts of a common sense supported by no act of faith. (1200)    Even the imagery

Christianity In Religion free essay sample

The focus of this study is the contribution of signi? cant people, ideas, practices and ethical teachings to an understanding of Christianity as a living religious tradition. The study of Christianity is to be of the WHOLE tradition where applicable. Outcomes A student: H1 explains aspects of religion and belief systems H2 describes and analyses the in? uence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society H4 describes and analyses how aspects of religious traditions are expressed by their adherents H5 evaluates the in? uence of religious traditions in the life of adherents H6 organises, analyses and synthesises relevant information about religion from a variety of sources, considering usefulness, validity and bias H7 conducts effective research about religion and evaluates the ? ndings from the research H8 applies appropriate terminology and concepts related to religion and belief systems H9 coherently and effectively communicates complex information, ideas and issues using appropriate written, oral and graphic forms. Signi? cant Person or School of Thought Criteria †¢ explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of ONE signi? cant person OR school of thought, other than Jesus, drawn from: – Paul of Tarsus – Hildegard of Bingen – Martin Luther – Catherine Booth – Pope John XXIII – Billy Graham – Dennis Bennett – Sarah Maitland – Liberation Theology – Feminist Theology – another person or school of thought signi? cant to Christianity Content Paul of Tarsus Practices, traditions, non-Jewish inclusion into the Church are all a result of Paul Paul? s teachings are at the heart of Christian bioethics The church â€Å"we† worship may be described as a ?Pauline Church?. He has a contemporary in? uence on Christianity today, and he spoke to the wider Christian community, not just the Catholics. Pre-conversion: Saul (Hebrew? ) Post-conversion: Paul (Greek? ) †¢ analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity Ethics 1 Wee-An Tan Criteria describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Content Bioethics (Textbook Summary) Bioethics: Science which establishes a system of medical and environmental priorities for survival. It is a branch of ethics concerned with health care and biological sciences the morality issues of abortion, euthanasia, IVF and organ transplants. Some Christians believe in using natural law to determine their response. For most Churches, the principles of sanctity of life, stewardship and respect for unity and procreation of sexual intercourse are the basis of their ideas on bioethics. Seventh World Congress on Bioethics held in Sydney in 2004. Signi? cant Practices in the lives of believers: Criteria †¢ describe ONE signi? cant practice within Christianity drawn from: – Baptism – Marriage ceremony – Saturday/Sunday worship Content Saturday/Sunday Worship †¢ demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity †¢ analyse the signi? cance of this practice for both the individual and the Christian community Notes: †¢ explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of ONE signi? cant person OR school of thought, other than Jesus, drawn from: – Paul of Tarsus †¢ analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity About PAUL: First Christian theologian, interpreter, writer. Practices, traditions, non-Jewish inclusion into the Church are all a result of Paul Teachings are at the heart of Christian bioethics Church â€Å"we† worship may be described as a ? Pauline Church?. He spoke to the wider Christian community, not just the Catholics. Primary sources for Paul are his letters, esp. Galatians and 1 2 Corinthians. 2 Wee-An Tan Secondary sources: The book of the Acts of the Apostles, but it is a secondary view (he did not write it). Later sources: Vatican Codex, C4 CE (Paul lived in C1 CE). From Tarsus, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew. He was a Roman Citizen and a Pharisee. From Acts, it is shown that he had a Pharisiac education (highest social standing among Jews). Although he was a Jew, he was a Roman Citizen (a major impact later), which meant that his parents were distinguished in some way. Paul was born quite wealthy. The letters which he wrote demonstrate his training in Greek literature, philosophy (Aristotle, Plato) and rhetoric. Paul, in his youth, was a devout Jew. He believed that the preachers of the Messiah would fracture the Jewish community, and was an enemy of the Church. During a raid on Christians, journeying to/from Damascus (? ), he suddenly fell down, was blinded and heard a heavenly voice. He comes to realise that he has been misguided he was healed in a similar process to Jesus? healing. He ? rst listened, and then in three days (3 = religious signi? cance), his sight was restored. This was the moment of his conversion. Paul never met Jesus, merely the risen Christ. The focus of contemporary Christianity is the risen Christ, as well as the call to conversion that everyone can have (like Paul, they do not need to have ? met? Christ). Christ had not persecuted him, but shown him love. Paul preached a message of love: levels of love a Greek concept Eros, Filial, Agape. Paul realises that people did not have to be Jewish to convert anyone could meet the risen Christ, and became known as the Apostle to the Gentiles. He was a Christian missionary in Syria, Asia Minor and Greece on a number of journeys. At the time, Greek was the major language of commerce and trade Paul preached in Greek to educated people. To non-educated people, he might have spoken Latin. He would have spoken in Aramaic to Jews, or Hebrew (in a religious context). He preached both in synagogues and to gentiles, and established the practice of house churches meeting at houses, especially for Gentiles, separated to the Jewish practice. They were the ? rst churches people who were clean and unclean (according to Jewish ritual) could meet together. Post-conversion, Paul travelled constantly, more than any other apostles did. He was frequently opposed by both local Jewish and gentile leaders. He used letters to communicate to churches. He established both men and women in charge of a church group (e. g. Lydia). Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus The GENERAL contribution of Paul to the development and expression of Christianity Established Christian communities throughout the Mediterranean area Wrote 14 letters and takes up over 50% of the New Testament Opened Christianity to Gentiles Fashioned foundational Christian beliefs Went on missions to spread Christianity 3 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of theology and principal beliefs Teachings about God 1. The ethical God: Romans 2:4: â€Å"Do you not realise God? s kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? † + Paul taught that God? s ethics were just, merciful and kind, and an ethical God allowed for redemption. + Knowing God through love, good work and learning about God would, according to Paul? s Phariseein? uenced ideas of imperfect humanity, allow for redemption in God (repentance and reconciliation lead to salvation). 2. God is merciful: Romans 9:15: â€Å"I will have mercy on whom I have mercy and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion† + Ethics and mercy go hand-in-hand a believer who has faith and is sincere in wanting mercy will receive mercy. Teachings about Jesus 1. Jesus is the Son of God: Phillipians 2:6-11 â€Å" he always had the nature of God Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the father† + Paul taught that Jesus was, in his nature, inseparable from God. Jesus was a fully divine risen Christ. 2. Jesus? Humanity: Phillipians 2: 6-11 â€Å" took the nature of a human being†. + Paul emphasised the two natures of Jesus Christ, divine and human Jesus was the incarnation of God. He was born and lived a human, yet was the Son of God. Teachings about theology 1. The Trinity: Galatians 4:6 â€Å"God sent the spirit of his son† 1 Corinthians 12:3 â€Å"No one can confess that Jesus is Lord, without being guided by the Holy Spirit† + Tied into humanity of God Father, Son and Holy Spirit. 2. Salvation: 1 Corinthians 15:2 â€Å"you are saved by the gospel, if you hold it ? rmly unless it is for nothing you believed† + Paul teaches theology of atonement, ideas of baptism and salvation. Offers believers assurance that God is a saviour. + According to Paul, humans are saved in God through good works and faith in Jesus Christ. Example of the biblical patriarch Abraham, who received God? s blessing and passed it on through â€Å"the righteousness of faith† (Romans 4:13) 4 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of Ethics (as opposed to Jewish traditional ethics) Teachings about love, the Law of God Romans 12:8 â€Å"Love is the ful? lling of the law† Paul taught that love was the summation and ful? llment of the law. The basic premise of Paul? s ethical teachings was love love, and the love of others, was an ethic. 1 Cor 13 is a poetic essay on agape love (pure, unconditional love) He also taught that love was a call to action, and guided the lives of believers. Teachings about Behaviour Col 3:5 â€Å"Put to death, therefore, whatever in you is earthly: Fornication, impurity, passion, evil desire and greed. † Col 3:8 â€Å"But now you must get rid of all such things anger, wrath, malice, slander and abusive language do not lie. † Teachings on virtues and vice Models of behaviour (Galatians 5:22-23, Phillipians 4:8) and behaviours to avoid. According to Paul, faith in Christ is manifest through the words and actions of believers, and Christian love should be exempli? ed in all relationships. Teachings about the Law Galatians 2:21 â€Å"For if justi? cation comes through the law then Christ died for nothing† Galatians 3:18 â€Å"For if the inheritance (salvation) comes from the law, it no longer comes from the promise (to Abraham)† Romans 12:8 â€Å"Love is the ful? lling of the law† The ? Law? (mitzvot) as it has been handed down through the Jewish tradition since the time of Abraham Moses has been superseded and set aside by faith in Jesus Christ and the laws of Christ (i. e. love). Christian adherents need not submit to Mosaic Law to follow Jesus. A new covenant means a new understanding of faith in Christ. 5 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of Rituals, Roles and Prayer Teachings on Sat/Sun Worship Outline: Saturday or Sunday worship is the focus of Christian public worship, and during this act of worship, the Eucharist, Lord? s Supper or Holy Communion is celebrated. The main rite through which Christians worship God. Acts 13:13-14 [Paul visits the synagogue on the Sabbath] Various Epistles of Paul [af? rm seventh-day rest, freedom from legalistic requirements to observe Sat/ Sun]. Teachings on the Eucharist Outline: The practice of a ritual meal in which the life, death and resurrection of Christ was recalled has its origins in the earliest Christian churches known as the Eucharist (Greek for thanksgiving) Corinthians 11 [Paul gave his authority to the way in which the Eucharist should be conducted; usually referred to as the Institution Narrative, in which Paul prescribes the wording of the ritual action of the Eucharist] Paul quotes a very early Christian source of Christ? s words: This is my body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of me. † In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me. † + explanation of the meaning of the Eucharist and stipulations about its practice + Established the ritual meal of Eucharist then in? uenced the ongoing Christian tradition – even though great differences still exist between denominations as to the nature of the presence of Christ in the liturgical event. Teachings on Baptism Outline: Baptism is an initiation and ritual that a person must go through to become part of the church. Christians have been baptising since the time of Jesus, because it was a direct command to the Apostles Romans 6:11 â€Å"dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus† + The importance of baptism, Paul explains, is that baptism initiates a new life of grace and purity. + The sinner symbolically dies, baptised into the death of Jesus, and the person who emerges is alive to God. Analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity The GENERAL effect/impact of Paul on Christianity Immediate impact Established many churches very quickly because of his belief that the end of the world was imminent. This energised and consolidated the churches Relied on his knowledge of the Hebrew Scriptures to answer any questions that people had at the time He laid down foundational beliefs of Christianity such as: Gods grace is for all, the church is the body of Christ and justi? cation of faith (salvation of faith) Long term impact Letters attributed to him are included in the bible Teachings in? uenced future generations on how to behave and live Teachings have infused every aspect of Christian teachings Letters are used in catholic liturgies and other prayer services 6 Wee-An Tan Paul continued Jesus? view that women are important and are to be respected because they are part of God? s kingdom. Analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity Overall impact of Paul: Cultural background, Roman citizen, knowledge of Greek was vital in the expansion of early Christian communities throughout the Mediterranean. He communicated the message of Christ outside of Jerusalem. His message of the justi? cation of faith (Rom 3:28) was instrumental in the Protestant Reformation (schism) in the 16th Century. Paul clari? ed the major teachings of the church, particularly those on Christ (1 Timothy 3:16 ? he appeared in human form, was shown to be right by the spirit? ) and Salvation (Rom 10:4 ? everyone who believes is put right with God? ). Missionary Journeys: Three major missionary journeys in 44, 48, 55CE, established the church throughout the Roman empire. Paul preached to Gentiles and Jews the communities he founded evolved into contemporary Christian churches. After establishing a group of followers, he would gather them in a house church for prayer, teaching and Eucharist. Over time he would appoint elders to lead the church. His missionary journeys increased the resilience of the Church. Council of Jerusalem 48CE Con? ict about the status of Gentile believers, Council of Jerusalem centralised differences within communities. Paul opened the church to Gentiles they did not have to circumcised or follow Jewish dietary laws (Rom 3:21-30). Paul? s Gentile Christianity survived as the Jewish-Christian movement died out, and Paul? s followers wrote much of the New Testament. Signi? cance for adherents today Letters of St. Paul are signi? cant in the lives of adherents, as they are used in Christian services (Sat/Sun worship). The letters are used in private devotion, and Paul is a source of inspiration and guidance because of the example of his devout faith. †¢ describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Bioethics BIOETHICS: 1. Branch of ethics concerned with health care and biological sciences issues of morality and implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances. 2. Ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological sciences. These issues include the morality of IVF, new research in genetic engineering including cloning and stem cell research. CHRISTIAN ETHICAL ISSUES Honouring God’s image – [Genesis 1:26-17]; one must consider God’s wisdom and power in the creation of mankind. 7 Wee-An Tan Prevention of Suffering – [Acts 10:38, Luke 9:2]; embryonic stem cell harvesting: the embryo is in fact destroyed in the process. Stewardship of Creation – [Genesis 1]; prohibits exploitations and manipulations that would destroy natural balance or degrade God’s created world. Human Dignity – [Genesis 1:27, Acts 17:28] – People (despite their life stage) should be treated with respect for their individual qualities, not just used for scientific investigation. Seventh World Congress on Bioethics held in Sydney in 2004. Some Christian denominations believe in using natural law. For most Churches, the principles of sanctity of life, stewardship and respect for the unity and procreation of sexual intercourse are the basis of their ideas on bioethics. STEM CELLS Every organ, tissue and cell has stem cells. They are able to divide and self renew; could regenerate the entire organ from a few cells. May be used to repair or replace damaged tissues – reversing diseases and injuries such as cancers, heart disease and blood disease. STEM CELL RESEARCH Human life begins at fertilisation: conception Catholic/Orthodox concept of natural law. The sperm from a human male and the ovum from a human female living human being – a human embryo. Ethical issues: In Australia, legislation states that no embryo may be created for the purpose of this research or to generate stem cell lines. Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (Cth) – allows for regulate use of an appropriate number of excess embryos in approved search programs. In Australia, all research involving humans must be approved by Human Research Ethics Committees. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH Human embryos: rich source of stem cells. Differentiate into all types of cells. Capable of becoming a more specialised type of cell, e. g. nerve cell, skin cell, etc. Advantages: Flexible – potential to make any cell; Availability – from IVF clinics. Disadvantages: likely to be rejected; tumorigenic; destroys developing human life. Use human embryos for: Replace or heal damage tissues. Study the development of diseases. test drugs or trial new methods of reproductive technology. Contrast in new life-saving treatments – death-dealing to the human embryos. NON-EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH (ADULT STEM CELLS) Replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Found in children, adults and umbilical cord blood. Advantages: Does not experience immune rejection, ease of procurement, non-tumorigenic, no harm done to donor. Disadvantages: Do not live as long, less flexible in application. Adult stem cells shown to help more than 70 medical conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, blood diseases and heart damage. CATHOLIC ANGLICAN 8 Wee-An Tan SUPPORTS: PERS Research and treatments involving bone marrow. PECTI Ongoing research into the use of adult stem cells. VE Adult stem cell research and therapies are approved because they do not destroy life and may provide cure or improved quality of life for the infirm. SUPPORTS A): Adult stem cell research and the use of the therapies that my result. The Bible is the principle source of ethical teaching. For and against stem cell research may use the same biblical text to explain their stance. SUPPORTS B): Embryonic stem cell research uses a 14 day postOPPOSED: fertilisation criteria. Research using embryonic stem cells that have Creation, cultural or dominion mandate of Genesis been obtained through standard in-vitro fertilisation 1:26-28. procedures. God has called us to play God, using IVF to help people Research using embryonic stem cells that may in have babies and using embryonic stem cells and genetic the future be created by cloning. research to heal people and shape humanity’s future. Every human being is precious from the very Humanity is often seen as co-creator with God in this beginning of his or her life, until natural death. example. Human life and dignity should never be exploited OPPOSED B): or harmed for the sake of science. Stem cell research on the basis that it is never permissible to do wrong (destroy the life of the embryo) in order that good for some may result. â€Å"For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil† [Genesis 3]. Emphasises that humanity is not to play God – choosing whose life to save or not and interfering with the natural order. Biblical references: Provincial Synod: QUOT Jeremiah 1:5 – â€Å"Before I formed you in the womb ES/ I knew you, and before you were born I EVID consecrated you†. ENCE Exodus 20 – The Ten Commandments â€Å"You Shall not Kill†. Church Documents: Donum vitae I, I – â€Å"Human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Domun vitae I, 5 – â€Å"It is immoral to produce human embryos destined to be exploited as disposable ‘biological material’†. IN-VITRO FERTILISATION (IVF) Egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside of the womb; ova (eggs) are removed from the female’s ovaries, and sperm fertilises them into a fluid medium. The fertilised egg (zygote) is then transferred into the patient’s uterus. Ethical Issues: Bypassing the natural method of conception Life in a laboratory. unnatural environment/substances Fertilization of more embryos than necessary (a ‘waste of life’) Discarding of excess embryos Keeping them in limbo – freezing them Destruction of embryos in research Creates embryos for medical purposes CATHOLIC ANGLICAN Opposed to most kinds of in-vitro fertilisation. Differs depending on the diocese. The use of excess embryos and their destruction are The Bible tells of God’s work in assisting infertile opposed due to the rights embryos receive as the couples to conceive (e. g. Abraham). Some PERSPE earliest stage of life. fundamentalists interpret IVF as intervening on CTIVE God’s behalf and therefore approve of the use of IVF in God’s creation. 9 Wee-An Tan Catechism Of The Catholic Church: Anglican Primate, Peter Carnley, in 2002: 2375 – â€Å"Research aimed at reducing human sterility Anglican church expresses concern over the loss of is to be encouraged†. fertilised ova. Condemning the use of IVF for same sex couples. 2376 – â€Å"†¦ dissociation of husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The right of the child to have a mother and a father. 2377 – â€Å"†¦They dissociate the sexual act from the QUOTES procreative act†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We are â€Å"co-creators with god† through IVF and / stem cell research, and this is right/wrong EVIDEN Church Documents: (depending on Synod) CE Donum vitae II – â€Å"†¦voluntary destruction of human embryos occurs too often. † Donum vitae II, 4 – â€Å"†¦ deprived of the meaning and the values which are expressed in the language of the body and the union of human persons†. CLONING Precise genetic copy is created. Reproductive cloning – creation of a clone for the purpose of allowing it to progress to the birth of a living child. Therapeutic cloning – creates a clone and then destroys it at an early stage in order to harvest embryonic stem cells from it, or to use it to produce medicines, or for research. CATHOLIC PERSPECTIVE QUOTES/ EVIDENCE Strongly opposed to any form of human cloning. Links to stem cell research – the creation of the embryos for the purpose of experimentation and their destruction are immoral acts. Right to be born of a father and mother. To separate the reproductive act from the sexual act is morally unacceptable. Donum vitae I, 4 – â€Å"Medical research must refrain from operations on live embryos, unless there is a moral certainty of not causing harm to the life of integrity of the unborn child and the mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pope John Paul II – â€Å"†¦manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"None of us lives to himself, and none of us dies to himself†¦ in life and death we are the Lord’s† [Romans 14:7-9] PERSPECTIVES: ANGLICAN Condemns human cloning. PROTESTANTS PRESBYTERIANS ORTHODOX Same views on Generally disapprove No situation in which cloning as the Catholic all forms of cloning. cloning human beings Provincial Synod: Church. would be acceptable. â€Å"†¦ the creation of a human life, either by An attempt to create fertilisation or by any other means of human beings in man’s creation for the purpose of destroying that image rather than God’s. life in research fails to recognise the value and purpose God assigns to human life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ETHICAL TEACHINGS: BIOETHICS Authority for Christian Ethics: Scriptures (The Bible) Experience (inspiration from the Holy Spirit) Tradition (Authority of leaders) Logic (Reason) Natural Law: The belief that God created everything perfectly so if we study the way life works and learn the laws of Nature, we will learn how to behave 10 Wee-An Tan Catholic Church: Based on God? s revelation through the bible and natural law, the church? s tradition and the exercise of reason Donum Vitae (Gift of Life) asserts that the life of every human being is to be respected in an absolute way from the very instant of the commencement of his or her existence until death Abortion is therefore seen by Catholics as against natural law and God? s law Genetic testing of unborn babies is permissible if the aim is to bene? t the child Donum Vitae (Gift of Life) use embryos as the object of instrument of experimentation constitutes a crime against their dignity as human beings The CC is strongly opposed to voluntary euthanasia The document also argues that the natural method of conception is sexual relationships within marriage the use of donor sperm, surrogate motherhood and arti? cial insemination = no Evangelical: Rely on God? s revelation of himself through the bible The Anglican Archbishop life begins at conception ? abortion and stem cell research on embryos are wrong life in the womb begins w/ conception it would be arbitrary to chose any other point at which the child develops value Reject the concept of surrogacy Liberal: Many see the bible as a pre-scienti? c book The best person to make the decision to proceed with an abortion is the pregnant woman, after consultation with her family, friends and trusted advisers. Voluntary euthanasia might be an appropriate thing ETHICS: 1/3/2012 Preliminary Link: Decalogue Ten Commandments (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:1-22). Essence of the Jewish collection of laws. Who God is, and what is required to live in right relationship with God. Still considered the foundation of all Christian ethics. Jesus was asked about the role of the Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law, Mitzvah. Jesus summarised the decalogue as a commandment of Love (Jesus? Commandment of Love: Lk 10:25-27). SUMMARISES Hebrew and Christian ethical teachings. Double love commandment. The whole point of living an ethical life is the endgame heaven. The Beatitudes: Mt 5:3-10, Lk:6-20-26 + Positive attitude to being all you do should be done with peace and harmony in mind, etc. + Worded less black-and-white Jesus: Actions are the model for Christians. What should motivate and structure believers? actions. e. g. advocate peace, be concerned for the poor and oppressed. Jesus also saw the inherent dignity of people, as they were created by God. Paul: The teacher of the ? love ethic?. Paul is a SOURCE OF CHRISTIAN ETHICAL TEACHINGS, not just a teacher he was a major theological contributor to Christian ethical understandings, esp. love. Especially important for Protestant Christians. Romans 12:10: Love is the ful? lling of (Mosaic) law. 1Cor 16:14: Let all that you do be done in (agape) love. Natural Law: 11 Wee-An Tan Ethics are systems, not values, not morals. Systems are informed by faith underpinnings e. g. magisterium of the church, patriarchal writings, theology, love, etc. Different denominations of Christianity place different focus on areas of ethics. Natural law is one example of an ethical system. Natural law is based on the natural law of the universe, established in the period of creation e. g. Genesis, tells us of the natural order of things (divinity + omnipotency + transcendence of God, God as a creator, God? s creations as goodness, the right relationship between man and woman, humans are stewards of creation etc. ). I. e. anything done that does not ? t in that natural law violates it. Thomas Aquinas: C13th theologian, key to the Catholic Church. Wrote that all human beings seek goodness. If anything wants to be good, it has to ful? l what it was made to be. Some actions are, in and of themselves, good and evil. Particularly important to bioethics procreation, sex and abortion. Biblical ethics: Christians vary in the status given to the Bible. Love ethics comes from the Bible, and the reading + context of a text are important. E. g. Catholic Christians do not go to the Bible ? rst, but interpretations of the Bible and the Catechism, etc. Protestants: Lutherans, methodists, congregationalists, UCA (? ) go to the bible ? rst. Pentecostalists go to their minister ? rst. Situation ethics are secular ethics, interpreted from a Christian slant. Fletcher, a Christian writer, believes that the situation determines what is right and wrong, e. g. Jesus rejecting traditional laws (harvesting wheat on the Sabbath) was ? right? while violating Mosaic Law. This MIGHT allow, in some circumstances, a woman to seek an abortion. †¢ describe ONE signi? cant practice within Christianity drawn from: – Baptism – Marriage ceremony – Saturday/Sunday worship †¢ demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity †¢ analyse the signi? cance of this practice for both the individual and the Christian community 12 Wee-An Tan Describe one signi? cant practice: Saturday or Sunday worship (NOT mass Catholic, divine liturgy orthodox). Saturday or Sunday worship is the focus of Christian public worship, and during this act of worship, the Eucharist, Lord? s Supper or Holy Communion is celebrated. Baptism is mostly celebrated during Sunday worship. The main rite through which Christians worship God. Called Mass, Lord? s Supper, Service of the Mysteries or Divine Liturgy depending on church. General Characteristics: †¢ Welcome, Opening Rite †¢ Scripture readings reading of and meditation upon the Word of God †¢ Psalm prayer †¢ Preaching or Homily, a re? ection on the meaning of God? s Word in the lives of those gathered †¢ Offertory people process to the altar, to offer bread and wine †¢ Improvised prayer of praise and thanksgiving for God? s work of salvation later became the Eucharistic Prayer †¢ Communion Rite body of Christ is broken and shared among the community (terminology: Breaking of Bread, Eucharist, Lord? s Supper, Mass, Oblation, Sacrament of the altar). †¢ [Some churches include Penitential Rite, Intercessions Prayers of the Faithful, recitation of the Creed on Sundays and major feast days, the Eucharistic Prayer and the Dismissal Rite] A number of actions contribute signi? cantly to Sunday worship: Gestures Elevating eyes and hands, kissing the altar + Gospel book + Cross, sign of peace, extension of hands for blessing or Communion. Actions Bowing, genu? ection, turning, processing Sacraments Imposition of hands, immersion, pouring water, anointment, breaking bread, pouring wine Origins: Original practice is found in the Jewish practice of honouring the Sabbath on Saturdays. The followers of Jesus transferred the day to Sunday, the day of Jesus? resurrection (Mk 16:2, Acts 20:7). From 4CE, councils and Christian laws mandated the obligation of worship on Sunday, prohibiting work. There is no ? rm evidence that Christians believed Sunday was a day of rest, the only day of worship or the only day to celebrate the Eucharist on. Contemporary Christian Churches generally agree that Sunday is observed as the primary holy day of obligation. Orthodox and Eastern churches? (? Eastern rites? ) differ in Sunday worship. They are longer (several hours), use icons and incense, sing the liturgy and hide some of the liturgy behind